flashbacks–use of memory  (signals this; e.g., “when I was younger”; changes in verb tense—past to present)

How it actually was vs. how he remembers it [subjective memory]

Paints a picture—description and images  [e.g.,  "faceless, breathing cold mist..." (40)]

Uses all/multiple senses (see it, feel it, “whiskey-colored light”)

Comparisons—stronger description for character (hoses like dead bull snakes on Hwy. 20)

Repetition and/or recurring themes (work, workers; hands, bleeding sores)

Cultural references: personal but not just about the individual (41)

Small moments turn into something bigger

Evokes a world that the reader/viewer doesn’t know a lot about but can connect to/learn from

question/curiosity in the author’s own experience; essay becomes a way of examining this and ending up somewhere else.

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